Sunday, May 17, 2020

Passing Down Acquired Traits

An acquired trait is defined as a characteristic or trait that produces a phenotype that is a result of environmental influence. Acquired traits are not coded in the DNA of an individual and therefore most scientists believe they cannot be passed down to offspring during reproduction. In order for a characteristic or trait to be passed down to the next generation, it must be part of the individuals genotype. That is, its in their DNA. Darwin, Lamarck and Acquired Traits Jean-Baptiste Lamarck incorrectly hypothesized that acquired traits could indeed be passed down from parent to offspring and therefore make the offspring more suited to their environment or stronger in some way. ​ Charles Darwin originally adopted this idea in his first publication of his Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection, but later took this out once there was more evidence to show acquired traits were not passed down from generation to generation. Examples of Acquired Traits An example of an acquired trait would be an offspring born to a bodybuilder that had extremely large muscles. Lamarck thought that the offspring would automatically be born with larger muscles like the parent. However, since the larger muscles were an acquired trait through years of training and environmental influences, the large muscles were not passed down to the offspring. Genetic Traits Genetics, the study of genes, explains how traits like eye color and some genetic conditions can be passed on from one generation to the next. Parents pass traits to their young through gene transmission.  Genes, which are located on  chromosomes  and consist of  DNA, contain specific instructions for  protein  synthesis. Some conditions, like hemophilia, are contained in a chromosome and are passed on to offspring. But thats not to say all illnesses will be passed down; for instance, if you develop cavities in your teeth, thats not a condition youd pass down to your kids. New Research on Traits and Evolution Some recent scientific research, however, suggests that Lamarck may not have been entirely wrong. Scientists at the Columbia University Medical Center found that roundworms that developed resistance to a particular virus passed on that immunity to their offspring, and for several generations. Other research has found that mothers may pass on acquired traits as well. During World War II, the Dutch suffered a devastating famine. Women who gave birth during this period had babies who were more susceptible to metabolic disorders such as obesity. Those childrens children were likely to suffer from these conditions as well, research showed. So while the bulk of the evidence suggests that acquired traits like muscles and obesity arent genetic, and cant be passed on to offspring, there are some cases where this principle has been disproven.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Essay on Biography of William Blake - 1631 Words

How you live your life and the people you surround yourself with influence and inspire your work and success. William Blake was a famous artist, engraver and poet. However, it was not until 1863 that he became famous when Alexander Gilchrist published his biography(Blake, William, and Geoffrey Keynes).Blake and his poetry have been compared to Shakespeare (Kathleen Raine). As an artist Blake was equated to Michelangelo. Being born during the time of both the American and French Revolution, William Blake was against both the Church and the State. Blake was a Dualist, believing the earth is broken up into two; good and evil, Heaven and Hell. He was a visionary and was known to many as a modern-day prophet (in class). Blake’s visions†¦show more content†¦In June of 1780, the Gordon Riots broke out. The Gordon Riots were non-catholic demonstrations in response to a bill repealing penalties against the practice of Roman Catholicism . Houses and chapels were burned down and many people were arrested and killed. In addition, many prisoners were set free. Blake witnessed the burning of Newgate Prison from the front line. He was mixed in with a mob who attacked the prison (Thomas Wright). Gilchrist argues that Blake was â€Å"forced† to join the mob. However, many biographers argue that Blake supported the revolutionists and joined the mob by choice (The Complete Work). August 18, 1782, William Blake, at the age of 24, married 20 year old Catherine Boucher. She was the daughter of a Battersea market gardener. Though Blake and Catherine had a happy life together, they did not have any children. Catherine was uneducated and illiterate (Blake, William, and Geoffrey Keynes.). Blake taught Catherine how to read and write as well as how to engrave. In 1783, Blake published his first collection of poems Poetical Sketches. (The Complete Work). Many people influenced the writing of this collection. This included Shakespeare, John Milton, Thomas Fletche r, Augustan Poetry and many, many more. One of the poems in this collection, â€Å"To the Muses†, is contemporary poetry that mocks the Augustan Poetry. The poems in the collection reflect Blake’s objection toShow MoreRelatedEssay about A Brief Biography of William Blake668 Words   |  3 PagesHave you ever heard of a guy name William Blake? No, if not I can tell you things about him. William Blake was born over his father’s modest history shop at Broad Street, Golden Square, London. His dad name was James Blake and his mother name was Catherin Wright Armitage Blake. Did Blake have any Brother and Sisters? Yes he had four brothers and one sister their names are: John Blake, Richard Blake, James Blake, John William, and Catherin Elizabeth (A1). William Blake father was a prosperous hosierRead MoreWilliam Blakes Influence Of Literature1303 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Blake William Blake’s poetry was heavily influenced by the Christian Bible, which is quite uncommon for the English Romantic poets. In fact, he is even known as the final religious poet of Britain. This tendency toward using the Bible in his literature derived from his avid reading of this holy book during his childhood. There is little information about any other schooling he might have had outside of reading this book. However, his writing was unique from other Christian writings as heRead MoreWilliam Blake For this paper I choose to do a study of William Blake. I choose William Blake800 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Blake For this paper I choose to do a study of William Blake. I choose William Blake because I really liked some of his poems and he is considered one of the most renowned poets in English literature history. 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To examine literature from the perspective of Marxist social theory is a quintessential form of sociological criticism, as Marxism primarily deals with political and economic ideas of communism and social inequality. William Blake, a Romantic poet, frequently wrote on the topic of class oppression and his opposition to the exploitation of the proletariat by the capitalists. Blake’s ideology and preference towards an equalitarian society quite closely mirror the theoriesRead MoreWilliam Blake was born in London on November 28, 1757 to James and Catherine Blake. His father,1600 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Blake was born in London on November 28, 1757 to James and Catherine Blake. His father, James was a hosier (seller of legwear) in London. Blake had four brothers, James, John, Richard and Robert; and a s ister named Catherine (Harris 5). Blake got along best with his younger brother, Robert as they shared an interest in art (Clarke 1). 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This aided Blake’s advancing symbolism; he could paint a lovely picture with his words (Eaves). The poem that I have analyzed is A Poison Tree. Blake strategically placed imagery and personification to hide his underlying truth; do not store up anger because horrible situations wil l arise. At first glance the poem seems hate filled and that he justRead MoreEssay The Writings of William Blake1106 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Blake was one of England’s greatest writers (Tejvan) in the nineteenth century, but his brilliancy was not noticed until after he was deceased. Blake was very much a free spirit who often spoke his mind and was very sensitive to cruelty. At the age of twenty five he married a woman named Catherine Boucher. They created a book of all Blake’s poems called Songs on Innocence, which was not very popular while he was alive. On the other hand Blake’s other book of poems, Songs of Experience, wereRead MoreA Treatise Of Human Nature By David Hume1472 Words   |  6 PagesUp until the time when William Blake, William Wordsworth, and David Hume put pen to paper, the most revolutionary lines of thought regarding science and philosophy came from Isaac Newton and John Locke who described humans as passive receivers of a world of set laws ruling passive atoms. Hume pushes this popular understanding of the self to the brink and ends up claiming that one can never comprehend the self. Blake and Wordsworth both vehemently disagree with Hume and believe the self is knowable

Blockchain Applications for Bitcoin Transaction- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBlockchain Applications for Bitcoin Transaction Graph. Answer: Introduction A blockchain is the continuous growing list of specific records, known as blocks that are eventually linked as well as secured with the help of cryptography [6]. Each and every block comprises of a specific cryptographic hash of the last block, the transaction data and a timestamp. According to design, any blockchain is resistant to the data modification. It is open and distributed ledger, which records the transactions within two parties effectively and permanently [5]. The following report outlines a brief description on the entire concept of blockchain and its two major applications, viz. Bitcoin and Ethereum. The field and purpose of these applications will be provided here. Moreover, the complete working model of the application will be given here. The advantages and disadvantages of Bitcoin and Ethereum will also be depicted here. Discussion Field and Purpose of Bitcoin and Ethereum i) Bitcoin: The first and the most important application of Blockchain technology is Bitcoin. It is the typical kind of crypto currency and the payment system that is being undertaken worldwide. Bitcoin is the first digital currency that is decentralized and can work without the central bank [4]. Field of Bitcoin is the new faucet of bitcoin. The best example of this faucet is PayPal bitcoin. It allows transactions from any currency and is extremely fast and secured. The main purpose of Bitcoin is to make transactions virtually. It works with the linked sets of blocks of various transactions records [1]. It is type of crypto currency and helps the user in making the payment easily and securely. ii) Ethereum: This is the second important application of Blockchain technology. It is an open source and public blockchain based computing program as well as operating system that feature smart contract functionality [10]. Field of Ethereum can be defined as the transaction based state machine. All the transactions can easily alter the state and that state can keep the track of every transaction. The main purpose of Ethereum is that it is traded as the exchange of digital currency similar to other currencies. Working Model of Bitcoin and Ethereum i) Bitcoin: The working model of Bitcoin is extremely easier. At first, the Bitcoin wallet is to be installed in the system or phone and it would generate the first address of Bitcoin [3]. Next, the transactions are included in the blockchain. The Bitcoin network relies on this blockchain. Thus, the spendable balances as well as the new transactions are verified. Cryptography enforces the chronological order and the integrity of blockchain. Then the Bitcoin wallet keeps a private data piece known as the private key that are utilized for signing the transactions. It provides a mathematical proof of the owner [2]. Within the next ten minutes, the transaction is broadcasted within the users with the mining procedure. The process of mining helps to ensure that the transaction is done successfully by including them in the blockchain. ii) Ethereum: The working model of Ethereum is different from the Bitcoin. It enables the user in programming their own smart contracts. At first the funds are kept in the multi signature accounts [7]. Next, agreements are made between the users and utility is provided to the other contracts. Finally, information is stored regarding the domain registration and membership records. Scalability Issues i) Bitcoin: The scalability problem of Bitcoin solely refers to the restriction or limitation in the amount of transactions to be made. It is completely related to the fact that the records within the bitcoin blockchain are restricted to the frequency and size [4]. The block comprises of the transactions over the bitcoin network. ii) Ethereum: The scalability problem of Ethereum is that the there is a restriction in the set of users. Only a minimal number of users can utilize this technology [9]. Moreover, time is another important problem. It delays payments. Features and Weaknesses of Bitcoin and Ethereum i) Bitcoin: There are various features of the Bitcoin technology. The mist important feature is Bearer Ecash, which means that it works exactly like the physical cash. The second feature is that it does not require permission from anybody [1]. Privacy is the next important feature, which allows secured transactions. Moreover, it is non political currency and a virtual commodity. In spite of having these advantages, there are few disadvantages in Bitcoin as well. They mainly include unacceptability worldwide, stolen wallets, fluctuations in valuation, risks of technical faults and in built deflation [3]. ii) Ethereum: The main features of the Ethereum technology majorly include being a platform through which the users could utilize tokens for creating and running applications. The second feature is that it uses turing language [8]. The next feature is that the cost of Ethereum is given in gas form. Furthermore, no middleman is required in this type of technology. In spite of having these advantages, few disadvantages are also present in Ethereum. They are Bottom dollar that makes the process slower, lack of documentation and regular up gradations. Socio-Technical Aspects i) Bitcoin: The socio technical aspects of the popular application of Blockchain, namely, Bitcoin mainly include Dark Web Crawler and integration of Blockchain analytical tools [3]. The major technical aspect is that it utilizes private key cryptography and thus the security of the transactions is maintained. ii) Ethereum: The socio technical aspects of Ethereum include the creation of smart contracts for independently releasing tokens once the investor transfers the funds [7]. It is extremely simple and easy method. Thus, it could be utilized by all users. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that blockchain technology can be simply defined as the incorruptible digital ledger of any type of economic transactions, which are eventually programmed for recording not only financial transactions, but also everything. It is the most traditional method of sharing all types of documents with proper collaboration. The most amazing advantage of this particular technology is that it comprises of an in built robustness. It stores the information in blocks across the network. Blockchain technology helps to eradicate the manipulation problem. Blockchains are always secured by design and comprises of high fault tolerance. The decentralized consensus makes the blockchains perfect for event recording or medical details recording. There are various applications of blockchains like Bitcoin, Ethereum, Truthcoin, Factom and Namecoin. The above report has properly outlined the concept of blockchain and its two applications, Ethereum and Bitcoin. References [1] Eyal, Ittay, and Emin Gn Sirer. "Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable." InInternational conference on financial cryptography and data security, pp. 436-454. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014. [2] Ron, Dorit, and Adi Shamir. "Quantitative analysis of the full bitcoin transaction graph." InInternational Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, pp. 6-24. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013. [3] Reid, Fergal, and Martin Harrigan. "An analysis of anonymity in the bitcoin system." InSecurity and privacy in social networks, pp. 197-223. Springer, New York, NY, 2013. [4] Androulaki, Elli, Ghassan O. Karame, Marc Roeschlin, Tobias Scherer, and Srdjan Capkun. "Evaluating user privacy in bitcoin." InInternational Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, pp. 34-51. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013. [5] Swan, Melanie.Blockchain: Blueprint for a new economy. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.", 2015. [6] Zyskind, Guy, and Oz Nathan. "Decentralizing privacy: Using blockchain to protect personal data." InSecurity and Privacy Workshops (SPW), 2015 IEEE, pp. 180-184. IEEE, 2015. [7] Wood, Gavin. "Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger."Ethereum Project Yellow Paper151 (2014): 1-32. [8] Atzei, Nicola, Massimo Bartoletti, and Tiziana Cimoli. "A survey of attacks on Ethereum smart contracts (SoK)." InInternational Conference on Principles of Security and Trust, pp. 164-186. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2017. [9] Hirai, Yoichi. "Defining the ethereum virtual machine for interactive theorem provers." InInternational Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, pp. 520-535. Springer, Cham, 2017. [10] Delmolino, Kevin, Mitchell Arnett, Ahmed Kosba, Andrew Miller, and Elaine Shi. "A programmers guide to ethereum and serpent."URL: https://mc2-umd. github. io/ethereumlab/docs/serpent_tutorial. pdf.(2015).(Accessed May 06, 2016)(2015).